WIDERAngle

Expert commentary from our network

Watts happening to work? The labour market effects of South Africa’s electricity crisis

by Haroon Bhorat, Tim Köhler
two miners with shovels
In South Africa, the power grid undergoes rotational, scheduled outages—or rolling blackouts—most commonly referred to as load shedding. Load shedding is primarily a consequence of frequent breakdowns at the national utility. These are due to a combination of poor long-term planning, a lack of financial resources, rampant state capture and corruption, and aging coal-fired power stations. Four of every five (80%) of South Africa’s coal-fired plants are past their mid-life cycle. Power outages...

How to get back on track to ending poverty – the imperative for a livable planet

by Luis Felipe López-Calva
We are off track to end poverty. Despite remarkable progress over the past few decades, the goal of eradicating poverty remains elusive, and SDG1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere is out of reach. While more than a billion people have been lifted out of poverty, the pace has significantly slowed. If we persist with business-as-usual, by 2030 around 7% of the world’s population will still live in extreme poverty—more than double our target of 3%.Unsurprisingly, this challenge is...

Just transitions and the importance of social protection reforms for ambitious climate action

by Christina Dankmeyer, Katrin Gasior, Gemma Wright
As greenhouse gases once again climb to record levels, countries are under pressure to make the move to a low-carbon economy. Policies that move in this direction are needed to mitigate against the worst impacts of climate change, but policy choices will have winners and losers. As it is crucial to consider the effects of climate change mitigation policies on various population groups, we explore two policy options —carbon pricing and removal of fossil fuel subsidies. In our latest...

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Research in focus – country profiles: Indonesia and Ecuador
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Our Institute’s expansive international research contributions, consisting of over 800 WIDER Working Papers in the 2019–23 work programme, delve deep...

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Cash Plus: Towards poverty reduction in Zambia
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The Zambian government wants to reduce poverty by 20% by 2030. To make this happen, the government reformed their national cash transfer programmes...

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Gender pay gaps on the rise in South Africa

New analysis of income data in South Africa shows the gender pay gap—how much more men earn than women—has increased. According to findings from a...

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Modelling to influence poverty and inequality in Zanzibar: Latest addition to the SOUTHMOD programme
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ZANMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for Zanzibar, was launched in November 2023. The model will aid local authorities and researchers in...

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On the road to fairer societies in Asia and the Pacific region: Four focus areas on center stage

A recent panel discussion at the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) in Bangkok set out to identify policy...

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The COVID-19 TERS policy saved at least 2 million jobs: But not without some unintended results

About three years have passed since the South African government introduced the COVID-19 Temporary Employer-Employee Relief Scheme (TERS) in response...

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Contributing to gender inclusivity: A glimpse into Pumla Bam's journey
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In celebration of South Africa's Women's Month, SA-TIED is spotlighting women driving change in economics. Through the 'Breaking Barriers, Building...

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Driving change: Nadine Riedel on economics and gender equality
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In celebration of South Africa's Women's Month, SA-TIED is spotlighting exceptional women with the 'Breaking Barriers, Building Economies: Women in...

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Georgina Ryan – paving the path in economic policy and inclusivity
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As part of the SA-TIED ‘Breaking Barriers, Building Economies: Women in Economic Policy' initiative, Georgina Ryan emerges as a visionary force...

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Celebrating gender diversity and leading with impact
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In celebration of South Africa's Women's Month, SA-TIED is spotlighting the women driving change within the field of economics. Through the ‘Breaking...

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SOUTHMOD family extended: Welcome to the three new Latin American teams

How would progressive income taxation affect income inequality in Bolivia? What are the costs and benefits of implementing a state pension in Colombia...

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Partnerships with Global South governments improve development policy and support achieving the Global Goals
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In Mozambique, Tanzania, South Africa, Uganda, and elsewhere, UNU-WIDER is on the ground to support national development plans, collect and create...

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Not too long and not too short: Introducing the new UNU-WIDER and Cambridge University Press series in Development Economics

Simon Kuznets’ pipe dream was to have economic inequality data that rarely existed when he was writing. What are the pipe dreams of today’s...

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Teamwork and capacity strengthening to promote development: The case of Mozambique

Designing and implementing public policies requires caution to guarantee the best use of scarce resources, especially in middle- and lower-income...

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Sales recovered faster from the pandemic than employment: Evidence from tax administrative and survey data in Zambia

Like most other countries, the government of Zambia introduced restrictions to control COVID-19, which considerably curtailed normal economic activity...

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Indonesia, the developer’s dilemma, and Vision 2045

According to the World Bank, Indonesia has reached the upper-middle income status in 2019 after spending almost two decades in the lower-middle income...

Research Brief
Are women’s labour force participation rates improving in sub-Saharan Africa?

Several sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have achieved substantial economic growth in the past 30 years. Likewise, access to education has considerably expanded, as reflected in rising enrolment rates for both men and women. Female labour force...

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Behind the scenes: Meet our tax-benefit microsimulation team in Viet Nam!
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How can Vietnamese policymakers improve their policy choices related to social protection and tax policies? Who are the experts providing evidence on...

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Does access to microfinance help or hinder women’s empowerment?

Almost everywhere, women are underrepresented in labour markets compared to men. While labour force participation among women of working age (FLFP)...

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The COVID-19 crisis, informal workers, and gender — understanding the intersections
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The COVID-19 crisis — the pandemic, restrictions, and recession — has not been a grand leveler. While all of us, rich and poor, faced the fear and...

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A fiercely contested omission — or why we need to keep talking about unpaid care
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In the late 1950s, the United Nations System of National Accounts was set up to promote the collection of internationally comparable data on...

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A policy of longer maternity leave is not enough to protect women from disadvantage
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The length of maternity leave has direct impacts on critical gender equality outcomes such as women’s employment and lifetime earnings. However, there...

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Bride price or dowry?
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Why is it that in some countries the parents of a bride pay dowry, whereas in some others the groom has to pay for the bride? What is the impact of...

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Corona pandemic revealed gaps in African social security systems
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Millions of Africans lost their jobs as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, but state social security systems were of little help to people who lost...

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Above or below the poverty line: Three key questions for understanding shifts in global poverty

In 2010 and the following years, there was attention to the fact that much of global poverty had shifted to middle-income countries (for example here...

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Ending aid dependency: Taxation in developing countries can be improved through collaboration

Finland aims to raise the amount of its development assistance to 0.7% of GDP, and this goal has good grounds. But how can we make sure that the...

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Efforts to protect the poor during COVID: How five African countries fared

The number of people living in poverty around the world is estimated to have increased by half a billion people due to the COVID-19 crisis. The...

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Dr Pia Rattenhuber on inequality in crises — an interview

How do crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic influence inequality and the other way around? This year’s UN Day Dresden put a spotlight on “Inequalities...

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Working together to better understand how COVID-19 affects poverty and inequality

In summer 2020 the SOUTHMOD team set out, with partners, to analyse the impact of government policies on protecting households from getting poorer and...

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Wasted talent – How COVID-19’s effect on the poor could make all of society poorer
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The opening keynote of the recent WIDER Development Conference, COVID-19 and development – effects and new realities for the Global South, was given...

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Co-creation for fair and efficient taxation: Research recommendations to improve policies

How can we determine the taxation of wage earners or multinational corporations in a fair manner? Will simplifying tax administration help increase...

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Social protection at a crossroad
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How can we ensure a resilient and inclusive recovery from COVID-19? How can we hold on to the target of eradicating poverty and hunger by 2030, with...

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Helping the poor to survive lockdown

The Hrishipara Daily Diaries Project has been tracking the daily spending of 60 poor households in rural Bangladesh for the last six years. Analysis...

Policy Brief
The economic gains of reducing the employment gender gap in Morocco

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, including Morocco, currently record the lowest rates of female labour force participation (FLFP) in the world. These rates — between 20-30% in 2019 — appear substantially low in comparison to Western...

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Mozambique's difficult decade: Three lessons to inform next steps

At the start of the last decade, Mozambique’s prospects looked stellar. Following from the early 1990s, when peace finally arrived after a devastating...

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How global tax dodging costs lives: New research shows a direct link to increased death rates

Tax abuse is an expensive business. According to a recent report by the Tax Justice Network, avoiding or evading tax deprives governments across the...

Policy Brief
Ampliando a protecção social em Moçambique

O Programa Subsídio Social Básico (PSSB) é um programa de transferência de renda mensal, não condicional, por tempo indeterminado, com o objectivo de reforçar o bem-estar da população pobre e vulnerável. São actualmente elegíveis ao PSSB pessoas em...

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Ecuador’s social protection system failed during the pandemic: It needs a rethink

Household incomes in Ecuador were badly hit by the pandemic, despite the government’s emergency grant to families. H Xavier Jara Tamayo (University of...

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Supply or demand? Exploring the mechanisms behind the rise of female labour force participation in Mexico

At the global level, gender gaps in labour force participation have narrowed and over half a billion women have joined the workforce in the last 30...

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Is sexual violence a driver of the early marriage of girls in India?
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Marriage at a younger age, generally before the legal age of marriage, is a pervasive practice in many parts of the world. Worldwide, more than 700...

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Persistent gender roles in South Africa deprive women of leisure time
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In most countries, traditional gender roles within the household are still common due to the prevalence and persistence of patriarchal systems. These...

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Motherhood and the gender gap in Latin America

Gender gaps in labour supply, income, and wages are still large despite the remarkable convergence of roles of men and women in labour markets over...

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Studying COVID-19 through the lens of microsimulation: The role of tax and benefit policies in alleviating poverty and inequality

As the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic evolves, developing nations are struggling to deliver economic assistance and public services to their...

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Decent work and COVID-19 – it’s time for a just deal for all workers
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Seven months into the unprecedented crisis of COVID-19, we already see significant effects on employment and earnings worldwide. The fallout could see...

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International tax research: Why does more than numbers matter

Can tax research be inspiring? Looking back at the three years of collaboration between UNU-WIDER and the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA), the answer...

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Beyond lockdown: rebuilding the social contract

Continued lockdown measures are straining the social contract between citizens and governments. As this column explains, in contexts where there are...

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The labour market implications of COVID-19 for Bangladeshi women

With the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Bangladesh on 8 March 2020 and the initiation of a lockdown on 26 March 2020,1 the livelihoods of a...

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Poverty and the pandemic in the Pacific
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COVID-19 has had a far greater economic impact than health impact on Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Pacific. There has been extensive commentary about...

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Temporary shock or lasting poverty trap?: COVID-19 in South Africa
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South Africa’s COVID-19 lockdown regulations are likely to have a devastating impact on the incomes of workers and their dependents. Already...

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The five criteria low income countries must have in place for lockdowns to work

As the COVID-19 virus has spread across the globe, developing countries are starting to enact many of the same policies used in China, Europe, and...

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Is Mozambique prepared for a lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic?

We calculated a lockdown readiness index for Mozambique and the results don’t look good. If lockdown policies are needed to halt the spread of the...

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COVID-19 and lockdowns: Are women more affected?
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Globally, governments are using lockdowns to contain the spread of COVID-19. This has disproportionately affected the poor, the homeless, and the...

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To die from hunger or the virus: An all too real dilemma for the poor in India (and elsewhere)
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On March 24, in a speech to the nation, Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, announced a 21-day lockdown. With only four hours’ notice, 1.3 billion...

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Meet the women behind the Southern Africa – Towards Inclusive Economic Development programme
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Globally, women are under-represented in the field of economics. Only a third of all academic research staff in the field of economics in Europe are...

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How a data revolution in South Africa can help address gender inequality

In 2016, we joined a project in South Africa working to make tax data available for research purposes. Tax authorities collect an enormous amount of...

Policy Brief
The politics of social protection in Eastern and Southern Africa

Since the mid-1990s, there has been in Africa something of a ‘quiet revolution’ in poverty reduction strategies with the proliferation of social assistance programmes that entail cash transfers to the poor. The past two decades have also been...

Policy Brief
Unequal growth in Mozambique and the region

There is an increasing interest in the analysis of economic inequalities in least developed countries. This is not only the result of a general social preference for equality, but also the consequence of a growing sense that highly unequal societies...

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The case for universal social insurance in Latin America
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Access to effective social insurance in Latin America is typically determined by workers’ status in the labor market – whether they have formal or...

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Randomized control trials – why they deserve the Nobel and what should happen next
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This year’s Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer for their experimental approach — randomized...

Policy Brief
Social protection, government revenue and microsimulation in developing countries

Social protection has attracted increasing interest in developing countries in recent decades and policies have been initiated in all developing regions. When countries build up their social protection systems, they need reliable information and...

Research Brief
The gender wage gap in post-apartheid South Africa

The World Bank reports that the world loses US$160 trillion in human capital wealth due to gender wage inequality every year. Inequality is not just an issue of fairness. It is also undesirable because it hampers poverty reduction strategies and...

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In the Director's chair: Reflections on my first six months as Director
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My first six months as Director of UNU-WIDER have been busy, enlightening, and rewarding. We’ve launched a new work programme, with flagship projects...

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Moving out of identity silos and into intersectionality: The example of gender identity
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Women are undoubtedly doing better today than they were even 40-50 years ago. The gender gap has shrunk in many areas, including educational...

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Measuring inequality in middle-income countries

Income inequality is the result of complex processes with multiple interacting driving forces but understanding those drivers in emerging economies is...

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Inequality: Driving forces and policy solutions

The many faces of inequality Measuring inequality isn’t as simple as it may seem. We know that since the 1970s global inequality has been falling in...

Policy Brief
Inequality in Brazil

After three decades of persistently high inequality, Brazil has been experiencing a downward trend since 2001, accompanied by a rise in household incomes. These trends lasted until 2014 when a major reversal took place on both fronts. Since the 1970s...

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Developing a microsimulation model for Mozambique – from inception to impact

The tax-benefit microsimulation model developed for Mozambique, MOZMOD, has proved to be valuable in analysing the impacts and budget implications of...

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From PhD Fellow to President: (of Colpensiones, Colombia’s public pension and social security administrator) – Juan Villa
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Four years ago, in 2014, Juan Villa spent three months at UNU-WIDER in our PhD Fellowship Programme. I spoke to him on a sunny September afternoon...

Policy Brief
Toward gender equity and women’s empowerment

There are three main channels of women’s empowerment: legal or policy reforms, outside economic opportunities, and collective action. Legal (or policy) reforms are generally based on statutory laws that enact rules to be followed or prohibit certain...

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GHAMOD launch and training: A tax-benefit microsimulation model for Ghana

Better social protection coverage and greater benefits in developing countries would certainly be welcomed by many. More and better forms of social...

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Tackling gender inequality from all directions
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Improving the position of women continues to be an important concern in development. As we strive to make better living standards possible for people...

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Missing school years for girls: The case of the Assam insurgency
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Girls in India face many challenges. From the moment they are conceived, they are less likely to be born as compared to boys. This presence of...

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Achieving gender equality in India: what works, and what doesn’t
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Discrimination against women and girls is a pervasive and long-running phenomenon that characterises Indian society at every level. India’s progress...

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Does women’s education reduce rates of death in childbirth?

Every single day, approximately 830 women die from causes related to childbirth. Despite considerable advances in maternal health over the last three...

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Discrimination – the limitations of implicit association tests and the impact of the job market
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The Center for American Progress estimates the costs of discrimination at US$64 billion per year, or roughly 2 million annually displaced American...

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Multinational Tax Avoidance in Developing Countries

In recent years many global firms—including Starbucks, Google, and Amazon—have come under fire for avoiding paying taxes in one country by shifting...

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Aid and gender – making foreign aid count
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International Women’s Day on 8th March 2016 is a time to celebrate. It is also a time for reflection. We must constantly remind ourselves that while...

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Extreme poverty - the poorest are being left behind
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At our 30th Anniversary Conference we took the chance to interview Martin Ravallion of Georgetown University—we asked him to discuss his recent work...

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Higher education and role models key for supporting further gender equality
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Gender equality is one of the cross-cutting concerns of the UNU-WIDER work programme 2014-18. In this interview economists Elizabeth Asiedu and Jean...

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The Future of Development – Aid and Beyond
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Just over a year ago, in March 2014, UNU-WIDER published a report entitled: What do we know about aid as we approach 2015? It notes the many successes...

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Inequality in South Africa - An Interview with Murray Leibbrandt
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At the UNU-WIDER Inequality conference September 2014 we interviewed Murray Leibbrandt, Professor of Economics at the University of Cape Town on...

Research Brief
Measures of inequality

The majority of income inequality occurs at the tails of the income distribution The Gini coefficient does not provide a representative measure of income inequality When the top 10% of income earners expand their share of national income it often...

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Why Ending Malnutrition is a Quintessential 21st Century Development Goal
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In the run up to the announcement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) in September every development issue is clamouring for attention. The...

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UNU-WIDER @ 30

2015 marks the 30th anniversary of UNU-WIDER. The Institute opened its doors in 1985. It has been quite a ride ever since. We have had thousands of...

Research Brief
How can aid promote the empowerment of women?

Aid projects that specifically target women tend be better at increasing gender equality than those that mainstream gender. The gender gap can be narrowed through public works that focus on providing decent employment for women as well as training...

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Taxation: Inequality, Equity, and Efficiency – An Interview with Michael Keen
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8 October 2014 by Roger Williamson Michael Keen from the International Monetary Fund addressed the UNU-WIDER Development Conference in September 2014...

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UNU-WIDER Inequality Conference 2014: Country Comparisons and Conceptual Approaches
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18 December 2014 Roger Williamson In an earlier article I reviewed a number of the high-profile contributions to the September 2014 conference on...

Research Brief
The Evolution of Social Protection in Latin America

Social insurance has not succeeded in reducing fiscal deficits and expanding coverage to more beneficiaries in Latin America Social assistance has had a greater impact on poverty and inequality than social insurance In lower-middle-income countries...

Research Brief
The Rise and Fall in Income Inequality in Ecuador

During the 1990s, inequality in Ecuador increased because of a natural disaster and deep economic and financial crisis, as well as the impact of liberalization of the trade and financial sectors on labour markets Falling income equality in Ecuador...

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Financial Reforms and Falling Inequality in Latin America, 2002-2012: Are They Connected?
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29 October 2014 Giovanni Andrea Cornia ​For the last quarter of the twentieth century, Latin America suffered from low growth, rising inequality, and...

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Multidimensional Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo
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25 June 2014 Malokele Nanivazo After a long series of conflicts and apparent macroeconomic mismanagement, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) seems...

Research Brief
Is unpaid care work addressed well in World Bank projects?

Only three out of 36 World Bank investments in Malawi, Mali, Niger and Rwanda appropriately address women’s unpaid care work. Despite the lack of World Bank investments specifically targeting unpaid care work, Bank investments do appear to be...

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Lessons from Behavioural Economics for Development Policy
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23 April 2014 Jukka Pirttilä​ In conventional economic theory, agents are assumed to be able to make rational choices, unaffected by emotions and not...

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The Nordic Contribution to Development
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26 March 2014 Tony Addison The Nordic countries have a long-standing commitment to development, and their work in peace-building has taken Nordic...

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On Aid and Growth – An Interview with Sam Jones
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28 February 2014 In this interview Sam Jones summarizes the findings of original UNU-WIDER work on the impact of aid on growth. Using data covering...

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Storify - Aid for Gender Equality
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The story of the event as told by Twitter. [<a href="//storify.com/UNUWIDER/aid-for-gender-equality-16-december-copenhagen-den" target="_blank">View...

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The Bangladesh Paradox – An Interview with Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury
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Carl-Gustav Lindén Bangladesh has made some remarkable strides in development and poverty reduction since independence, despite generally weak...

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Inequality in Latin America: The Role of Conditional Cash Transfer – An Interview with Armando Barrientos
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24 January 2014 In this interview Professor Armando Barrientos reviews the recent UNU-WIDER project on inequality in Latin America which looks at the...

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Report from Gender Equality Results Meeting
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Roger Williamson The Danish State Secretary for Development Policy Charlotte Slente, welcomed the participants and contributors to the meeting and...

Research Brief
A Systematic Review of the Impact of Microfinance on Poverty

Microfinance evaluations reveal a positive impact on per capita income, non-land asset value and poverty incidence. Across countries and methodologies, microfinance is most likely to have a short-term positive effect; regionally, the most positive...

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Household Vulnerability and Resilience to Economic Shocks: Findings from Melanesia
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9 December 2013 Simon Feeny Vulnerability and resilience are very closely related terms. Vulnerability is usually referred to as the likelihood of...

Research Brief
Gender Mainstreaming

The three Nordic development agencies Danida (Denmark) Sida (Sweden), and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (FMFA) all recognise gender mainstreaming as an important part of the policy-making process. Gender equality is a well-funded...

Research Brief
Impact of Aid for Health and Education on Gender Equity and Human Development

Initial high human development index scores and per capita income have a strongmimpact on the outcomes of aid to the health and education sectors. An increase in the share of the government budget allocated to education and health improves overall...

Research Brief
The Effectiveness of Aid to Women’s Political Participation in MENA

Official development assistance to women’s equality organizations and institutions is effective in increasing women’s political empowerment. In contrast, aid targeting reproductive health and family planning does not appear to impact women’s...

Research Brief
Assessing the Role of Gender in DfID and Sida Challenge Funds

Corporate actors are now playing an important role in international development and contributing new ideas to development aid. Corporate–donor partnerships represent unique opportunities to combine the experience of donors with the innovative...

Research Brief
Gender Sensitivity of World Bank Investments

Many World Bank investments include women’s concerns only superficially. Lack of attention to gender roles negatively impacts women’s rights. The Bank’s continued promotion of user fees in sexual and reproductive health projects prevents poor women...

Research Brief
Gender and Transitional Justice

Transitional justice processes often fail to adequately deal with gender issues. Attempting to deal with gender-based violence during periods of transitional justice is often seen as destabilizing and a threat to future stability. Women’s rights are...

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Sharing for Prosperity
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17 April 2013 Minister Heikki Eidsvoll Holmås Economic growth in itself will not end poverty. Stronger policies for fairer distribution are needed in...

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Aid and the Social Sectors: Reflections from the Stockholm Results Meeting

17 April 2013 Tony Addison and Miguel Niño-Zarazúa We learnt much from the ReCom Results meeting on 13th March in Stockholm on aid and the social...

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Reorientating the Results Based Agenda: Interviews by Carl-Gustav Lindén
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21 March 2013 In foreign aid, results are the buzz word of the day; evaluation, monitoring, and quality control are the means of demonstrating to...

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Jobs Drive Development: An interview with Martin Rama
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15 January 2013Martin Rama from The World bank discusses the process behind the World Development Report 2013 on jobs, which he directed.He emphasises...

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Gender Mainstreaming in Nordic Development Agencies: Seventeen Years after the Beijing Conference

Malokele Nanivazo and Lucy Scott In the last 50 years there has been a growing awareness and consensus on the intrinsic significance of gender...

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Microcredit and Poverty Alleviation: Can Microcredit Close the Deal?
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M.G. Quibria In the wake of the worst famine of Bangladesh of the post-World War era Professor Muhammad Yunus launched a microcredit experiment in...

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Foreign Aid for Gender Equality: Future Agenda

This is the second of a two-part article presenting key discussion points from the UNU-WIDER gender equality workshop held 12-13 July 2012, in...

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